| Study 1 | ||||||
| Baseline | Endpoint | |||||
| N | 230 | |||||
| M/F | 137/93 | |||||
| Age (years) | 63.8 | ± | 10.8 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 | ± | 4.1 | 24.7 | ± | 4.2 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 166 | ± | 42.7 | 139 | ± | 31.5* |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.0 | ± | 1.1 | 7.0 | ± | 0.8* |
| HOMA-IR | 3.5 | ± | 3.7 | 2.9 | ± | 3.2* |
| HOMA-β (%) | 32.8 | ± | 24.8 | 45.1 | ± | 34.8* |
| Proinsulin/Insulin ratio | 0.54 | ± | 0.24 | 0.44 | ± | 0.18* |
| 1,5-AG (μg/ml) | 6.6 | ± | 5.3 | 11.9 | ± | 7.8* |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 4.3 | ± | 3.7 | 4.1 | ± | 3.1** |
| Study 2 | ||||||
| Baseline | Endpoint | |||||
| N | 155 | |||||
| M/F | 94/61 | |||||
| Age (years) | 65.4 | ± | 15.0 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 | ± | 4.4 | 24.6 | ± | 4.3* |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 160 | ± | 48 | 134 | ± | 37.4* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 | ± | 1.2 | 7.2 | ± | 0.9* |
| HOMA-IR | 3.2 | ± | 3.7 | 2.7 | ± | 2.9* |
| HOMA-β (%) | 33.1 | ± | 31.9 | 47.8 | ± | 49.2* |
| Proinsulin/Insulin ratio | 0.67 | ± | 0.33 | 0.52 | ± | 0.26* |
| 1,5-AG (μg/ml) | 6.6 | ± | 5.2 | 12.3 | ± | 8.4* |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 5.0 | ± | 4.2 | 4.7 | ± | 4.5 |